4.1 $B86;RLO7?$N:$Fq(B
$B!!%i%6%U%)!<%I(B(Rutherford)$B$O(B1911$BG/$K%"%k%U%!@~$rHs>o$KGv$$6bHD$K$"$F$k$B!!$J$*!"%F%-%9%H$G$O?^$K!V=E?4$OM[;R$NFbB&$KMh$k!W$J$s$F=q$$$F$"$C$?$,!"$3$l$O8m$j!#M[;R$OEE;R$N(B2000$BG\=E$$$N$G=E?4$O(B1:2000$B$KFbJ,$7$?E@$KMh$k$,!"M[;R$NH>7B$O86;R$NH>7B$N(B10$BK|G\$N#10J2
$B!!>e$NLd$$$r2r$/$H$o$+$k$,!"86;R$N;}$D%(%M%k%.!<$OEE;R!&M[;R4V$N5wN%!J$[$\!"86;R$NH>7B$H9M$($h$$!K$@$1$G7h$^$j!"H>7B$,>.$5$$$[$I%(%M%k%.!<$bDc$/$J$k!#86;R3K$NH>7B$O!"86;R$NH>7B$KHf$Y!"(B10$B!](B5$BG\0J2<$G$"$k!#$J$
| $B | MKSA$BC10L7O$G$N?tCM(B | |
$BM[;R$N| [M] | 1.7$B!_(B10$B!](B27kg | |
$BEE;R$N| [M] | 9.1$B!_(B10$B!](B31kg | |
| $BAGEE2Y(Be | [Q] | 1.6$B!_(B10$B!](B19C |
| $B%/!<%m%s$NK!B'$NHfNcDj?t(Bk | [ML3 T$B!](B2Q$B!](B2] | 9.0$B!_(B109F$B!](B1m |
| (4.1) |
4.2 $B%\!<%"$NNL;R>r7o(B
$B!!A0@a$G$O7B$rM=A[$7$?$o$1$@$,!"$=$NM=A[$N5r$j=j$K$J$C$?$N$O!V8w$N%((B $B%M%k%.!<$,(Bh$B&M$N@0?tG\$G$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$$H$$$&>r7o$,$"$k$N$J$i!"EE;R$N1?F0$K$b2?$+(Bh$B$K4X78$9$k>r7o$,$"$k$N$G$O$J$$$+!)!W$H$$$&9M;!$@$C$?!#$=$N>r(B $B7o$O%\!<%"(B(Bohr)$B$NNL;R>r7o$H8F$P$l$k$b$N$G!"EE;R$,1_50F;$rIA$/$H9M$($?>l9g$K$O!"(B
| (4.2) |
| (4.3) |
4.3 $B>uBV$NA+0\$H86;R$N=P$98w(B
$B:#5a$a$?DL$j!"?eAG86;RFb$NEE;R$N;}$D%(%M%k%.!<$O!](B[$B&E(B/(n2)](E1= -$B&E$H$7$F?7$7$$J8;z&E$r;H$C$F=q$-D>$7$^$7$?!#D{@5$*4j$$$7$^$9(B)$B$GI=$5$l$k!#$7$?$,$C$F(Bn=1$B$KBP1~$9$k50F;(B($B4pDl>uBV(B)$B$O0BDj$G$"$k$,!"(Bn= 2,3,4,$B!D$N>uBV(B($BNe5/>uBV(B)$B$O$=$&$G$O$J$$!#EE;R$O$9$-$5$($"$i$P$h$j%(%M%k%.!<$NDc$$>uBV$X$HHt$S0\$m$&$H$9$k!#5U$K2?$+$+$i%(%M%k%.!<$r$b$i$&(B $B$H!"$h$j9b$$50F;$X$HHt$S0\$k!#$3$l$r!VA+0\!W(B(transition)$B$H$+!VNL;R%8%c%s%W!W$J$I$H8@$&!#ESCf$N50F;$ONL;R>r7o$,5v$5$J$$$N$GB8:_$G$-$J(B $B$$!#$?$H$($P(Bn=n2$B$+$i(Bn=n1($BEvA3(Bn2 > n1)$B$X$HA+0\$9$k$H!"%(%M%k%.!<$,(B
| (4.4) |
$B%\!<%"$O86;R$,8w$r=P$9;~$O!"$3$N$h$&$J50F;$NA+0\$,5/$3$j!"$=$N;~$KM>$C$?%(%M%k%.!<$,8w;R0l8D$K$J$C$FJ|=P$5$l$k$H9M$($?!#$=$N;~=P$k8w$N?6F0?t$O%(%M%k%.!
| (4.5) |
$B$rK~$?$9!#$3$N<0$O!"$=$l$h$j$bA0$+$i5a$a$i$l$F$$$?!"?eAG86;R$+$i=P$F$/$k8w$NGHD9$K4X$9$k<0(B
| (4.6) |
4.5 $B1i=,LdBj(B
[$B1i=,LdBj(B4-1] $B%1%W%i!<$NBh#3K!B'(B($B8xE><~4|$N<+>h$H50F;D97B$N#3>h$,HfNc$9$k(B)$B$r!"l9g;H$($kJ*M}Dj?t$OK|M-0zNODj?t(BG$B$G$"$k(B)$B!#(B [$B1i=,LdBj(B4-2] $B89$rEA$o$k2#GH$NEAGEB.EY$O!"89$N@~L)EY&Q$H89$ND%NO(BT$B$K0MB8$9$k(B($B%.%?!<$N89$r9M$($F$_$h(B)$B!#$I$N$h$&$K0MB8$9$k$+$r [$B1i=,LdBj(B4-3] $BEE2Y(Bq$B$r;}$C$?N3;R$,2CB.EY(Ba$B$N2CB.1?F0$r$7$F$$$k;~!"C10L;~4V$"$?$j(B[(2k(aq)2)/(3c3)]$B$N%(%M%k%.!<$rEE<'GH$H$7$FJ|
| (4.17) |
$B!!$3$NLdBj(B(4-9)$B$KBP1~$9$kItJ,$O!"$^$@@bL@$7$F$J$$!#(B
$B3X@8$N46A[!&%3%a%s%H$+$i(B
$B!!L5$B!!Ld$$(B4-1,$BLd$$(B4-2$B!"1i=,LdBj(B4-5$B$N=g$G$d$C$F$_$F$/$@$5$$!#$9$0$K=P$;$^$9!#(B
$B!!(B(4.2)$B$+$i(B(4.3)$B$O$I$&$d$C$F=P$k$N$+$o$+$i$J$+$C$?!#(B
$B!!1i=,LdBj(B4-5$B$K$J$C$F$^$9$s$G!"<+NO$G$d$C$F$_$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
$B!!&L(Bv$B!_(B2$B&P(Br$B$H$$$&<0$,$1$C$3$&E,Ev$K=P$F$-$F6C$$$?!#(B
$B!!$$$d!"
$B!!(B$BEE;R$,A+0\$9$k;~$C$F!"$I$l$/$i$$;~4V$,$+$+$k$s$G$9$+!)(B$B!JB??t!K(B
$B!!$=$N;~4V$r$I$&$d$C$FB,Dj$9$k$+$H$$$&OC$K8e$G=P$F$/$kIT3NDj@-4X78$NOC$,$+$i$s$G$d$d$3$7$$$N$G$9$,!"$3$3$G$O!V0l=V!W$H;W$C$F$*$-$^$7$g$&!#(B
$B!!$J$<(Bn=1$B$h$j2<$KMn$A$J$$$N$+G
$B!!NO$N$;$$$G$O$J$/!V$3$l$h$j2<$N>uBV$,$J$$!W$H$$$&$3$H$G$9!#$3$N$"$?$j$O!"8EE5NO3XE*$K9M$($F$$$k$HG
$B!!?eAG0J30$N86;R$N$h$&$KEE;R$N?t$,B?$/$J$C$F$-$?>l9g!"M[;R$N50F;$dF0$-$b$b$C$HJ#;($K$J$C$F$/$k$N$G$7$g$&$+!#(B
$B!!$J$C$F$-$^$9$M!#EE;R$N?t$,B?$/$J$k$H!"6a;w$7$J$$$H2r$/$3$H$OIT2DG=$K$J$j$^$9!#(B
$B!!%0%i%`!"%a!<%H%k$G$J$/%]%s%I!"%d!<%I$J$I$G7W;;$7$F$b(Bh$B$d(Bk$B$O;H$($k$s$G$7$g$&$+!)(B
$B!!0c$&C10L$N;~$O!"EvA3?t;z$,JQ$o$j$^$9$,!";H$($^$9!#(B
$B!!=E?eAG$N>l9g$O50F;$OJQ$o$i$J$$$N$G$9$+!)(B
$B!!49;;
$B!!A+0\$O%F%l%]!<%F!<%7%g%s$N$h$&$J$b$N$G$7$g$&$+!)(B
$B!!;w$F$$$k$H8@$($P;w$F$$$^$9$,!"$"$/$^$G%_%/%m$J8=>]$G$9!#(B
$B!!2?$NM}M3$b$J$/J*M}3X
$B!!$=$s$J$"$[$J!#!V2?$NM}M3$b$J$/!W$8$c$J$$$7!VE,Ev$K!W7W;;$7$?$s$G$O$?$I$j$D$1$J$$!#$$$m$$$m$H9M$($FM}M3IU$1$r$7$F$d$C$F$$$k$3$H$G$9!#E,Ev$K7W;;$7$?$@$1$G$O!"J*M}8=>]!J$?$H$($P86;R$+$i=P$k8w$N?6F0?t$,0lDj$@$H$+!K$r@5$7$/I=$9$3$H$,$G$-$k$O$:$,$"$j$^$;$s!*(B
$B!!#2CJ3,!"#3CJ3,$H%8%c%s%W$9$k$3$H$O$"$k$s$G$9$+!)(B
$B!!$G$-$k>u67$J$i!"5/$3$j$^$9!#(B
$B!!8w$r=P$5$J$$J*
$B!!(B$BEE5$$rA4$/;}$C$F$J$$J*
$B!!EE;R$,2<$N50F;$K$&$D$k$H8w$r=P$9$=$&$G$9$,!"$=$N8w$OJ*
$B!!$=$N?'$,$$$o$f$k1j?'H?1~$G$9!#86;R$K$h$C$F0c$&?'$K$J$j$^$9!#(B
$B!!(Bn=1$B$@$HEE<'GH$OJ|=P$7$J$$$h$&$G$9$,!"%^%C%/%9%&%'%kJ}Dx<0$O$3$N>l9g@.N)$7$J$$$N$G$9$+!)(B
$B!!;DG0$J$,$i!"$7$^$;$s!#8EE5NO3X!"8EE5EE<'5$3X$O$3$&$$$&%_%/%m$JOC$K$O;H$($J$$$N$G$9!#$I$&$$$&;~$K;H$($J$/$J$k$+$O!"$$$:$l$o$+$k$H;W$$$^$9!#(B
$B!!EE;R$,0lDj$N$H$3$m$r0BDj$7$F2s$C$F$$$kM}M3$,$h$/$o$+$i$J$$(B$B!JB??t!K(B
$B!!$3$NCJ3,$G$O$h$/$o$+$i$J$/$FEvA3$G$9!#$H$j$"$($:!V%\!<%"$N>r7o$,@.N)$7$F$$$k$H9M$($k$H$&$^$/
$B!!$=$N>r7o$,$J$<=P$F$/$k$N$+!"$H$$$&$N$OO$GOC$7$^$9!#(B
$B!!(B
Footnotes:
23$BJU$NC10L$,B7$o$J$/$F$O$$$1$J$$!W$H$$$&$H$3$m$+$iM}2r$7$F$$$/$H$h$$!#(B 24$BG0$N$?$a$K=q$$$F$*$/$H!"EE;R$,86;R3K$N$^$o$j$r2s$C$F$$$kMM;R$J$I!"Ev;~$O$b$A$m$s!"8=:_$G$b8+$k$3$H$J$I$G$-$J$$!#!VF1$850F;$r2s$C$F$$$k!W$HH=CG$G$-$kM}M3$O!"EE;R$N;}$C$F$$$k%(%M%k%.!<$,7h$^$C$?CM$G$"$k$H9M$($i$l$k$+$i$G$"$k!#(B 25$B%W%i%s%/$O;O$a$F%W%i%s%/Dj?t(Bh$B$rF3F~$7$?;~!"!VCL$G$"$k$,!"(Bk$B$GI=$5$l$k(BBoltzmann$BDj?t$b!"File translated from TEX by TTHgold, version 3.63.
On 20 May 2005, 14:04.